В широком смысле обучаются навыкам получают знания о себе полезная схема

Education includes different kinds of learning experiences. In its broadest sense, we consider education to be the ways in which people learn skills, gain knowledge and understanding about the world and about themselves. One useful scheme for discussing education is to divide these ways of learning into two types: informal and formal.

Informal education involves people in learning during their daily life. For example, children learn their language simply by hearing, and by trying to speak themselves. In the same informal manner, they learn to dress themselves, to eat with good manners, to ride a bicycle, or to make a telephone call. Education is also informal when people try to get information or to learn skills on their own initiative without a teacher. To do so, they may visit a book shop, library or museum. They may watch a television show, see a videotape, or listen to a radio programme. They do not have to pass tests or exams.

We consider formal education to be the instruction given at different kinds of schools, colleges, universities. In most countries, people enter a system of formal education during their early childhood. In this type of education, the people, who are in charge of education, decide what to teach. Then learners study those things with the teachers at the head. Теachers expect learners to come to school regularly and on time, to Work at about the same speed as their classmates, and to pass tests and exams. Learners have to pass the exams to show how well they have progressed in their learning. At the end of their learning, learners may earn a diploma, a certificate, or a degree as a mark of their success over the years.

The school systems of all modern nations provide both general and vocational education. Most countries also offer special education programmes for gifted or for physically or mentally handicapped children. Adult education programmes are provided for people who wish to take up their education after leaving school. Most countries spend a large amount of time and money for formal education of their citizens.

EXERCISE 11. Read and give a summary of the text.

GENERAL  AND  VOCATIONAL  EDUCATION

General education aims at producing intelligent, responsible, well-informed citizens. It is designed to transmit a common cultural heritage rather than to develop trained specialists.

Almost all elementary education is general education. In every country, primary school pupils are taught skills they will use throughout their life, such as reading, writing, and arithmetic. They also receive instruction in different subjects, including geography, history, etc. In most countries almost all young people continue their general education in secondary schools.

The aim of vocational education is primarily to prepare the students for a job. Some secondary schools specialize in vocational programmes. Technical schools are vocational secondary schools, where students are taught more technical subjects, such as carpentry, metalwork, and electronics. Technical school students are required to take some general education courses ahd vocational training. Universities and separate professional schools prepare students for careers in such fields as agriculture, architecture, business, engineering, law, medicine, music, teaching, etc.

EXERCISE 12. Find in the texts English equivalents for these words and word combinations:

в широком смысле, обучаются навыкам, получают знания, о себе, полезная схема, пути (способы) обучения, официальный, неофициальный, повседневная жизнь, слушая, стараясь, с хорошими манерами, ездить на велосипеде, звонить по телефону, по их собственной инициативе, книжный магазин, сдавать экзамены, в большинстве стран, раннее детство, кто отвечает (в ответственности), во главе, вовремя, с приблизительно одинаковой скоростью, одноклассники, должны сдавать экзамены, степень, оценка их успеха, одаренные дети, дети с физическими или умственными недостатками, обучение для взрослых, продолжить после окончания школы, большое количество денег, граждане, общее образование, профессиональное образование, ставит целью, умный, ответственный, хорошо информированный, передавать общее культурное наследство, больше чем, подготовленные специалисты, начальное образование, на протяжении всей жизни, средние школы, профессиональные программы, плотничное дело, слесарное дело, профессиональная подготовка, отдельный, техника, юриспруденция.

EXERCISE 13.

a) Find in the texts the words, which have the similar meanings as the following words:

to contain, to believe, the means, to study, to get, a kind, to talk, data, various, to be responsible for, a diploma, to want, to continue;

b) Find in the texts the words, which have the opposite meanings to the following words:

informal, narrow, bad, different, the beginning, old, to give up, small, before.

EXERCISE 14. Fill in the gaps with the missing words in the following sentences; the first letter of each Word has been given to help you:

1. T… their life people are learning different kinds of skills.

2. They g… knowledge about the world.

3. We’ll discuss the education using one useful s…

4. Children learn to r… a bicycle.

5. On their own i… people may visit a museum.

6. The students have to p… exams.

7. They are in c… of education.

8. The students are working at about the same s…

9. Learners may е… а degree.

10. His certificate is a m… of his success over the years.

EXERCISE 15. Try to compare the educational systems of Russia, the UK, the USA. Answer the questions and complete the grid:

EXERCISE 16. Agree or disagree with the following statements; add some more information:

1. There are two types of formal education.

2. One useful scheme for discussing education is to divide the ways of learning into two types.

3. Informal education involves people in learning luring their daily life.

4. Formal education is the instruction given at different kinds of colleges.

5. At the end оf learning, learners do not earn a diploma or a certificate.

EXERCISE 17.

a) Read and translate the following dialogue;

b) Memorize and dramatize the dialogue;

c) Act out a similar dialogue.

Exercise 1. Translate and learn the following words:

Higher educational establishment, academy, university, college, technical school, department, faculty, staff, lecture, lecturer, professor, teacher, tutor, science, scientific, scientist, research work, pedagogical activity, brunch, to prepare specialists, to take an active part, to solve different problems, specific feature, large scale, to develop, development, degree, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Arts, Master’s Degree, Doctor’s Degree, undergraduate, postgraduate, to graduate, to encourage

Exercise 2.Read the text, try to focus on its essential facts, and choose the most suitable heading below for each paragraph.

1) What is Education? 2) Formal Education 3) Informal Education 4) Different Kinds of Formal Education

Informal and formal education

Education includes different kinds of learning experiences. In its broadest sense, we consider education to be the ways in which people learn skills, gain knowledge and understanding about the world and about themselves. One useful scheme for discussing education is to divide these ways of learning into two types: informal and formal.

Informal education involves people in learning during their daily life. For example, children learn their language simply by hearing and by trying to speak themselves. In the same informal manner, they learn to dress themselves, to eat with good manners, to ride a bicycle, or to make a telephone call. Education is also informal when people try to get information or to learn skills on their own initiative without a teacher. To do so, they may visit a book shop, library or museum. They may watch a television show, look at a videotape, or listen to a radio programme. They do not have to pass tests or exams.

We consider formal education to be the instruction given at different kinds of schools, colleges, universities. In most countries, people enter a system of formal education during their early childhood. In this type of education, the people, who are in charge of education, decide what to teach. Then learners study those things with the teachers at the head. Teachers expect learners to come to school regularly and on time, to work at about the same speed as their classmates, and to pass tests and exams. Learners have to pass the exams to show how well they have progressed in their learning. At the end of their learning, learners may earn a diploma, a certificate, or a degree as a mark of their success over the years.

The school systems of all modem nations provide both general and vocational education. Most countries also offer special education programs for gifted or for physically or mentally handicapped children. Adult education programmes are provided for people who wish to take up their education after leaving school. Most countries spend a large amount of time and money for formal education of their citizens.

Exercise 3. Read and give a summary of the text.

General and vocational education

General education aims at producing intelligent, responsible, well-informed citizens. It is designed to transmit a common cultural heritage rather than to develop trained specialists.

Almost all elementary education is general education. In every country, primary school pupils are taught skills they will use throughout their life, such as reading, writing, and arithmetic. They also receive instruction in different subjects, including geography, history, etc. In most countries almost all young people continue their general education in secondary schools.

The aim of vocational education is primarily to prepare the students for a job. Some secondary schools specialize in vocational programmes. Technical schools are vocational secondary schools, where students are taught more technical subjects, such as carpentry, metalwork, and electronics. Technical school students are required to take some general education courses and vocational training. Universities and separate professional schools prepare students for careers in such fields as agriculture, architecture, business, engineering, law, medicine, music, teaching, etc.

Exercise 4. Quote the sentences in which these words and word combinations are used in the texts:

in its broadest sense, about themselves, to ride a bicycle, on their own initiative, are in charge of, at the head, on time, at the end, both … and…, to take up, an amount, throughout, carpentry.

Exercise 5. Find in the texts English equivalents for these words and word combinations:

в широком смысле, обучаются навыкам, получают знания, о себе, полезная схема, пути (способы) обучения, официальный, неофициальный, повседневная жизнь, например, слушая, стараясь, с хорошими манерами, ездить на велосипеде, звонить по телефону, по их собственной инициативе, книжный магазин, сдавать экзамены, в большинстве стран, раннее детство, кто отвечает (в ответственности), во главе, вовремя, с приблизительно одинаковой скоростью, одноклассники, должны сдавать экзамены, степень, оценка их успеха, одаренные дети, дети с физическими или умственными недостатками, обучение для взрослых, продолжить после окончания школы, большое количество денег, граждане, общее образование, профессиональное образование, ставит целью, умный, ответственный, хорошо информированный, передавать общее культурное наследство, больше чем, подготовленные специалисты, начальное образование, на протяжении всей жизни, средние школы, профессиональные программы, плотничное дело, слесарное дело, профессиональная под-готовка, отдельный, техника, юриспруденция.

Exercise 6. a) Find in the texts the words which have the similar meanings as the following words:

to contain, to believe, the means, to study, to get, a kind, to talk, data, various, to be responsible for, a diploma, to want, to continue.

b) Find in the texts the words which have the opposite meanings to the following words:

informal, narrow, bad, different, the beginning, old, to give up, small, before.

c) Read, translate the sentences, change the words in italics into the words with similar and opposite meanings:

1. This road is rather broad. 2. They study different subjects.

3. They want to continue their education. 4. The children are eating with good manners. 5. They were reading the text at the beginning of the lesson.

Exercise 7. Read and translate the text from English into Russian:

Education in Russia

People in our country have the right for education. It is our Constitutional right. But it is not only a right, it is a duty too. Every boy and every girl in Russia must go to school, that is, they must get a full secondary education. So, when they are 6 or 7 years old they begin to go to school. There are thousands of schools in Russia. There are schools of general education, where the pupils study Russian (or a native language), Literature, Mathematics, History, Biology, Music, Arts, Foreign Languages. There is also a number of specialized schools, where the pupils get deep knowledge of foreign languages, or Math, or Physics.

After finishing 9 classes of secondary school young people can continue their education at different kinds of vocational or technical schools or colleges. They not only learn general subjects, but receive a specialty there. Having finished a secondary school, a technical school or a college young people can start working, or they may enter an Institute or a University. Professional training makes it easier to get higher education. As for high schools, there are a lot of them in our country. Some of them train teachers, others — doctors, engineers, architects, actors and so on. Many’ institutes have evening and extra-mural departments. That gives the students an opportunity to study at an institute without leaving their jobs.

Exercise 8. Answer the questions:

1. Is education in our country free?

2. Is education in Russia right or duty?

3. What kinds of schools are there in Russia?

4. What are the possible ways to continue education after the finishing of the secondary school?

5. What are the main types of educational institutions in our country?

6. What are the types of higher education institutions in Russia?

Exercise 9.Read the text;translate it from English into Russian. Complete 10 questions to the text, using the following words: exception, compulsory, skill, to depend, mandatory.

Education in Russia

Secondary education is mandatory in Russia. Children start school at the age of 6 and finish at 17. As a rule, a child attends the school located in the neighborhood, the one which is the closes to home. However, there in big cities there are also so-called “special” schools, offering more in-depth studies of the major European languages (English, French, or German), or the advanced courses in physics and mathematics, and children attending one of these may have to commute from home. There are no school buses in Russia.

The first stage of education is elementary school for grades 1 through 4. The second is secondary school for grades 5 through 9. Upon graduation from secondary school (which is not the equivalent of having completed their secondary education), students are given the choice of either continuing to attend the same school (high school; grades 10 and 11), or entering a vocational school or trade school. Both vocational school and trade schools are meant to provide one, long with the certificate of secondary education, with a number of useful skills (e.g., those of an electrician, technical, or computer operator).One attends the former for two years and the latter for three or four.

Having completed one’s secondary education, one can either become part of work force or go on to college (“institution of higher learning”). There are universities and so-called “institutes” in Russian. The former stress a more theoretical, fundamental approach to education, while the latter are more practice oriented.

There are no medical schools or departments within the structure of Russian universities. Future doctors attend medical institutes. There are no degrees in Russian equivalent to those of bachelors or masters. Students spend approximately five years in college or six in a medical institute.

To be admitted to an institution of higher learning, one has to pass a series of oral and written tests. Grades in the certificate of secondary education are also taken account.

Entry to higher education is quite competitive. Some college departments (philologist, foreign languages-especially English, law, journalism) have dozens of applicants for one prospective student’s position. The same is true of medical and theatre institutes.

Up to the present, neither college students nor schoolchildren have had any say in the selection of courses they had to take. Everyone has studied according to uniform series of guide lines approved by the Ministry of Higher Education. Evidently, this situation is going to change in the near future.

Education in Russian has until recently been free on all levels. College students with good grades were rewarded with a modest stipend. All institutions of higher learning were subsidized by the government. Now that the country is changing to a market-place economy, the system of education is also bound to undergo profound changes. The first private schools, gymnasiums and lyceums, have already been founded in Moscow and St. Petersburg, in an attempt to revive the pre-1917 traditional of Russian educational system with its high standards of excellence.

Exercise 10.Translate the text from English into Russian. Complete the plan of the text. What do you think about our education? Express your own point of view. Complete your own topic to this theme.

Education is an important part of modern life.

Originally Russian education starts from the early age. Children can start going to kindergarten from the age of two, but this is not a compulsory education. It depends on parents’ decision and child’s wish to attend this institution.

In the Russian Federation the school education is compulsory. Pupils start going to school from the age of seven and till 16.

Mandatory education in Russia is presented by three types of schools: primary, secondary and high.

The primary school teaches its pupils elementary skills, such as reading, writing, counting. Many schools also offer foreign languages or some other special disciplines at this age.

The most important period is the secondary school, which starts from the 4th or 5th grade, depending on school. This is the time when children start learning Biology, Geography, Chemistry, Physics, Computing, and many other new subjects.

At the 9th grade children face a very important period in their life. They have to choose whether to continue school education, or to leave for other types of educational institutions, such as college, specialized schools and else. If the pupil decides to continue studying in high school, which lasts for two years, he can enter the university after school graduation.

Of course, it’s only the general pattern of education in Russia, but there can also be some exceptions nowadays. For example, there are lots of special schools, where they pay attention only to particular subjects. Also, apart from state schools, there are a number of private schools, where education is not free of charge.

When they complete high grades they can either continue to study at school for more 2 years, or go to a professional school where they study not only main subjects, but are able to learn some profession. When school pupils leave school they can try to continue their education in institutes or universities.

Grammar part. Modal verbs.

Exercise 1. Complete the following sentences using the most appropriate forms of the verbs.

1. Jack has got a headache. He … sleep well recently.

a) can’t b) couldn’t have c) hasn’t been able to

2. I … sleep for hours when I was a little girls.

a) could b) am able to c) can

3. Tom … play tennis well but he … play a game yesterday because he was ill.

a) couldn’t, could b) can, was able c) can, couldn’t

4. I didn’t want to be late for the meeting. We … meet at 5 sharp.

a) were to b) had to c) could

5. Where are my gloves? — I … put them on because it’s cold today.

a) can’t b) have to c) needn’t

6. You … take an umbrella today. The Sun is shining.

a) needn’t b) mustn’t c) can’t

7. I’m sorry, you didn’t invite me to your birthday party. You … invite me next time.

a) must b) should c) need to

8. Well, it’s 10 o’clock. I … go now.

a) can b) has to c) must

9. You … smoke so much.

a) would b) can’t c) shouldn’t

10. We have got plenty of time. We … hurry.

a) must b) needn’t c) should

Exercise 2. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Вы должны бросить курить.

2. Вечеринка была замечательная. Вам следовало прийти.

3. Ты можешь решить эту проблему.

4. Тебе следует навестить своего больного друга.

5. Тебе следовало навестить своего больного друга, но ты не навестил.

6. Не хотите еще чая?

7. Я вынужден был сделать это.

8. Я не знаю, почему мы спешили. Нам не нужно было спешить.

9. Я бы хотел пойти с тобой.

10. Ты можешь делать все, что хочешь.

11. Ольге нужно уделить больше внимания занятиям по английскому языку.

12. Я не уверен, но возможно он неправ.

13. Ему разрешили взять машину своего отца в прошлую пятницу.

14. Я могу считать до 50 на испанском.

Exercise 3. There is a mistake in each sentence. Correct the mistakes.

1. Actors may learn a lot of dialogues by heart. 2. Your glass is empty. Must I refill it? 3. Would I introduce Mr. Brown to you? 4. My sister can to play a few musical instruments. 5. Some years ago I didn’t can speak English.

Exercise 4.Explain the use of the verb «must» in the following sentences and translate them into Russian:

1. We must go home before it gets dark. 2. You must have guessed what I meant. 3. It must be after midnight now. 4. You must bring the book to-morrow. 5. He must have- missed the train. 6. He must be angry with you.

Exercise 5.Write the following sentences in the past and the future tense:

A. 1. We can help you. 2. I can do this work myself. 3. She can translate the article into Russian. 4. I can buy a dictionary for you. 5. He can go to the library with you. 6. They can read English books.

B. 1. I must do my exercises. 2. He must be at the Institute at 9 o’clock. 3. You must learn the story by heart. 4. We must walk fast to get to the station in time. 5. She must do it at once. 6. I must wait for him.

Exercise 6.Translate into English, using the verb must and its equivalents:

1. Я должен пойти туда немедленно. 2. Я должен был (мне пришлось) остаться дома вчера. 3. Мы должны будем поехать туда завтра. 4. Надо мне идти туда сейчас же? — Да, надо. — Нет, не надо. 5. Ей, должно быть, около пятидесяти лет. 6. Он, должно быть, ждет вас сейчас. 7. Погода, вероятно, будет очень хорошая завтра. 8. Она, должно быть, потеряла ваш адрес. 9. Они, вероятно, вернулись уже в Москву. 10. Он, должно быть, не помнит меня. 11. Они, вероятно, не получили еще вашего письма.

Exercise 7.Change if possible the verb «can». What equivalent will you use?

1. I can easily carry this trunk to the station. 2. He said that he could ship the goods in September. 3. When he was young, he could run a mile in less than five minutes. 4. He can’t have done it, it is very unlike him. 5. I could do it to-morrow if I were free. 6. Why did you stop at a hotel? You could have spent the night at my house. 7. I said that he could not have missed the train, as he had left the house very early. 8. If I had received his letter last week, I could have helped him.

Exercise 8. Give a talk on your school. Remember to speak about:

• the school building

• the activities pupils can take part in after classes

• what you liked the most about your school, why

• what you would like to change in your school, why.

At the moment I am a student of the Lyceum of Information Technologies. It is situated far from the city centre near a large park where students can walk after classes to relax. It’s a new school but it occupies an old four-storied building. The lyceum is well-equipped, though. It has lots of classrooms with modern facilities, several computer classes where we study Information Technology, an assembly hall, a library, a gym and a canteen.

After classes pupils don’t usually go home right away. They have some extra-curricular activities, for example, we have lots of elective courses, which students choose according to their preferences. Besides, our social and cultural life is well-organized, too. We have different clubs such as chess, drama and photography, and pupils take part in their work after classes. There are also regular trips to places like museums and art galleries.

I especially like my school because it gives its pupils profound knowledge in Math, Physics and other academic subjects which are necessary for entering the university. Besides, pupils are offered a wide choice of elective subjects connected with computers. They study different programming languages and learn how to write programs. What is more, the teachers there are friendly and well-qualified although they are sometimes very strict. The lyceum is known for its academic excellence and I hope my school education will form a basis for my future occupation.

I enjoy studying in the lyceum, yet there are some things I would like to change. First, our canteen is rather small and there are always large queues during the breaks. I would like to introduce a large coffee bar for students with lots of coffee machines where we could easily have a cup of coffee or tea with a sandwich during all the breaks. Another thing would be a music studio where we could play and record music. We don’t have a uniform in our school because many students are against it. But I think it’s important to have a special uniform in the lyceum because it will make us feel different from the students of other schools.

Exercise 9. Answer the questions

1. What types of school are there in Russia?

2. Did you like going to school?

3. What were your favorite school subjects? Why?

4. What school subject was the most difficult for you? Why?

5. Do you like the idea of studying at school for 12 years? Why?

Lesson 18.